Biology subjects

Bataille, A.

Publications and source records attributed to Bataille, A..

5 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2026

Molecular epidemiology of the globally spreading genetic lineage IV of peste des petits ruminants virus

Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious viral disease of small ruminants caused by the peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV), which is classified into four distinct genetic lineages (I-IV). A critical concern in the recent epidemiological history of PPRV is the rapid and widespread expansion of lineage IV (LIV) across West Africa over the past decade. This dominance suggests a potential adaptive advantage of circulating LIV strains in the regions current epidemiological context. In this study, we obtain the genome sequence of 26 new PPRV samples, including historical (pre-2000) and many recent African LIV isolates, offering the first opportunity to investigate the evolutionary history of LIV in Africa and identify genetic events potentially associated with its recent spread. Phylogenomic analyses implemented on a dataset of 167 curated PPRV genome sequences reveal that the most ancestral LIV group comprises strains circulating in Sub-Saharan Africa (designated clade LIVssa), providing robust evidence for an African origin of lineage IV. Our results further indicate that PPRV strains linked to the recent West African expansion of LIV belong to a specific LIVssa subgroup, termed NigB. We identified multiple signatures of selection pressure within the LIVssa sublineage, particularly in the NigB cluster. Several amino acid substitutions unique to LIVssa or NigB were detected, some of which may impact protein function and warrant prioritised investigation. Additional genomic data are required to confirm the association between the NigB group and the ongoing spread of LIV in West Africa. The evolutionary adaptations observed in LIVssa - potentially enhancing transmission efficiency, host range or pathogenicity - could undermine current disease control strategies in regions where PPR poses significant threats to food security and local economies. Author SummaryPeste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) infects sheep and goats across Africa, Middle East, Asia and Europe, causing disease with major impact on global economy and food security. One genetic lineage of PPRV, called lineage IV (LIV), is at the origin of most recent expansion of the distribution of the disease, including replacement of other lineages in areas of African where PPRV is historically present. Here, we generated genome sequences from PPRV LIV isolates from different dates and places to study the evolution of this genetic lineage and explore whether its recent spread can be associated with the appearance of new mutations in the virus genome. Our results provide evidence that the PPRV LIV originated in Sub-Saharan Africa and identify mutations present only virus isolates currently spready in new regions of Africa. Further research should investigate the impact of these mutations on protein functions and capacity of transmission of PPRV.

evolutionary biology↗

bioRxiv2025

Strain-dependent differences in the capacity of Peste des Petits Ruminants virus to infect antigen presenting cells

The ability of morbilliviruses to infect antigen-presenting cells (APCs) plays a major role in infection outcome, because these cells transport peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) from the respiratory tract to the lymph nodes before spreading to lymphoid and epithelial tissues. This study used two cell models, -- monocyte-derived macrophages (MoMs) and monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs), -- from three host species (goat, sheep and cattle) to evaluate the differential ability of APCs to be infected by two strains of PPRV with contrasting virulence in goats. Infection was analysed using flow cytometry, infectious titers (TCID/mL), RT-qPCR and immunofluorescence. Goat and sheep MoDCs proved highly permissive to both strains, with viral titers at 48 hpi in the range of 10-10 TCID/mL and a high percentage of infected cells. Cattle MoDCs were weakly infected and had no detectable viral titer, as expected for this dead-end host. In comparison, MoMs showed reduced permissiveness to PPRV in goats but not in sheep. Post-infection supernatants in goat MoMs infected with the low-virulent strain showed low or undetectable TCID/mL, despite persistence of detectable viral genome up to 96 hpi. Immunofluorescence revealed double-stranded RNA but no nucleoprotein of the low-virulent strain in goat MoMs, suggesting a partial engagement of the viral cycle, resulting in a restricted or semi-permissive infection. Overall, these results suggest that this combined in vitro model of MoDC and MoM infections would be useful in anticipating host susceptibility and PPRV strain virulence, providing complementary tools for PPR control efforts. IMPORTANCEPeste des petits ruminants (PPR) disease affects goats, sheep and multiple other hosts across the globe, with major impacts on economies, food security and biodiversity. The sensitivity of host species to PPRV infection varies considerably, with clinical manifestations and disease progression being shaped by the viral strain, host species and breed infected. In vitro models focusing on immune cells, which are the primary target of PPRV could provide a relevant tool for studying the mechanisms of viral adaptation to the host and cellular antiviral responses, while contributing to surveillance and control strategies. The results obtained here suggest that a dual-cell model focusing on macrophages and dendritic cells could be useful for pre-screening studies aimed at assessing the susceptibility of a given host species to a PPRV strain and estimating its relative virulence. Testing this in vitro approach in additional host species and a wider range of strains is required to confirm its relevance.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2024

Peste des Petits Ruminants virus virulence is associated with an early inflammatory profile in the tonsils and cell cycle arrest in lymphoid tissue

Using a systems immunology approach, this study comprehensively explored the immunopathogenesis of Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) focussing on strain-dependent differences in virulence. Saanen goats were infected either with the highly virulent Morroco 2008 (MA08) or the low virulent Ivory Coast 1989 (IC89) strain of PPR virus (PPRV). As expected, MA08-infected goats exhibited higher clinical scores, pronounced lymphocyte depletion, and lesions affecting mucosal and lymphoid tissues. CD4 T cells were found to be most affected in terms of depletion and infection in the peripheral blood. Transcriptional analyses of the blood and lymphoid tissue demonstrated activation of interferon type I (IFN-I) responses at three days post infection (dpi) only with MA08, but comparable IFN-I expression levels with MA08 and IC89 at 6 dpi. In contrast, only the MA08 strain induced strong inflammatory and myeloid cell-related transcriptional responses which as observed in tonsils but not in the mesenteric lymph node. This inflammatory response in the tonsil was associated with an extensive damage and infection of the tonsillar epithelium in the crypts, pointing on a barrier defect as a possible cause of inflammation. The other prominent effect induced by MA08, but not IC89, was a strong and early downregulation of cell cycle gene networks in lymphoid tissues. This effect was found in the blood compartment and all analysed lymphoid tissues and can be interpreted as suppressed lymphocyte proliferation that may cause immunosuppression during the first week following MA08 infection. A proteome analysis confirmed elevated synthesis of IFN-I response proteins during infection with both strains, but only the MA08 strain additionally upregulated ribosomal and inflammation-related proteins. In conclusion, the present comprehensive investigation delineates strain-dependent differences in early immunopathological processes associated with severe inflammation disease and a blunted lymphocyte proliferation. Understanding such strain-specific differences is relevant for effective PPRV surveillance strategies. Author summaryField observations show that the severity of infection with Peste des Petits Ruminants virus (PPRV) is highly dependent on the viral strains and the host infected, but the mechanisms behind these variations are not well understood. Here we compare immune response in Saanen goats infected with high (MA08) and low (IC89) virulent PPRV strains. Analyses revealed a differential immune response: early activation of type I interferon (IFN-I) responses only with MA08, but comparable IFN-I expression levels with MA08 and IC89 at later stages. Additionally, only the MA08 strain triggered inflammatory and myeloid cell- related responses in the tonsils, as well as a disseminated early and marked suppression of lymphocyte proliferation evidenced by cell cycle arrest. CD4 T cells were found to be most affected in terms of depletion in the peripheral blood. Massive infection of the tonsils, particularly for the highly virulent strains, seems to induce epithelial lesions that promotes the inflammatory responses. These findings underscore the importance of understanding strain- specific differences for appropriate surveillance and control of PPR.

immunology↗

bioRxiv2021

Molecular epidemiology of peste des petits ruminants virus emergence in critically endangered Mongolian saiga antelope and other wild ungulates

Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) causes disease in domestic and wild ungulates, is the target of a global eradication programme and threatens biodiversity. Understanding the epidemiology and evolution of PPRV in wildlife is important, but hampered by the paucity of wildlife-origin PPRV genomes. In this study, full PPRV genomes were generated from three Mongolian saiga antelope, one Siberian ibex and one goitered gazelle from the 2016-2017 PPRV outbreak. Phylogenetic analysis showed that for Mongolian and Chinese PPRV since 2013, the wildlife and livestock-origin genomes were closely related and interspersed. There was strong phylogenetic support for a monophyletic group of PPRV from Mongolian wildlife and livestock, belonging to clade of lineage IV PPRV from livestock and wildlife from China since 2013. Discrete diffusion analysis found strong support for PPRV spread into Mongolia from China and phylogeographic analysis indicated Xinjiang Province as the most likely origin, although genomic surveillance for PPRV is poor and lack of sampling from other regions could bias this result. Times of most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) were June 2015 (95% HPD: August 2014 - March 2016) for all Mongolian PPRV genomes and May 2016 (95% HPD: October 2015 - October 2016) for Mongolian wildlife-origin PPRV. This suggests that PPRV was circulating undetected in Mongolia for at least six months before the first reported outbreak in August 2016, and that wildlife were likely infected before livestock vaccination began in October 2016. Finally, genetic variation and positively-selected sites were identified that might be related to PPRV emergence in Mongolian wildlife. This study is the first to sequence multiple PPRV genomes from a wildlife outbreak, across several host species. Additional full PPRV genomes and associated metadata from the livestock-wildlife interface are needed to enhance the power of molecular epidemiology, support PPRV eradication and safeguard the health of the whole ungulate community. Author SummaryRecent mass mortality of critically endangered Mongolian saiga antelope due to peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) has dramatically highlighted the threat this viral disease represents for biodiversity. The genome of viruses such as PPRV evolve fast, so virus genetic data gathered from infected animals can be used to trace disease spread between livestock and wildlife, and to determine if the virus is adapting to infect wildlife more efficiently. Here we obtained PPRV virus genomes from Mongolian wildlife and compared them with other published PPRV genomes. Using a molecular clock, we estimated that the disease was circulating in Mongolia well before it was first reported. Genetic analyses support the hypothesis of virus spread from livestock to wildlife, with genetic changes potentially helping infection in Asian wild ungulates. However, more PPR virus genomes and epidemiology data are needed from disease outbreaks in areas shared between livestock and wildlife to confirm these results and take efficient actions to safeguard the health of the whole ungulate community.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2018

Development and worldwide use of a non-lethal and minimal population-level impact protocols for the isolation of chytrids from amphibians

Parasitic chytrid fungi have emerged as a significant threat to amphibian species worldwide, necessitating the development of techniques to isolate these pathogens into sterile culture for research purposes. However, early methods of isolating chytrids from their hosts relied on killing amphibians. We modified a pre-existing protocol for isolating chytrids from infected animals to use toe clips and biopsies from toe webbing rather than euthanizing hosts, and distributed the protocol to interested researchers worldwide as part of the BiodivERsA project RACE - here called the RML protocol. In tandem, we developed a lethal procedure for isolating chytrids from tadpole mouthparts. Reviewing a database of use a decade after their inception, we find that these methods have been widely applied across at least 5 continents, 23 countries and in 62 amphibian species, and have been successfully used to isolate chytrids in remote field locations. Isolation of chytrids by the non-lethal RML protocol occured in 18% of attempts with 207 fungal isolates and three species of chytrid being recovered. Isolation of chytrids from tadpoles occured in 43% of attempts with 334 fungal isolates of one species (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) being recovered. Together, these methods have resulted in a significant reduction and refinement of our use of threatened amphibian species and have improved our ability to work with this important group of emerging fungal pathogens.

ecology↗