Bastos, A. S. | Search bioRxiv

bioRxiv2025

Anti-malarial contact dependent blocking of transmission of Plasmodium vivax by Anopheles darlingi mosquito vector

Malaria, caused by protozoa of the genus Plasmodium and transmitted to humans through the bite of mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles, remains a public health problem. Long-Lasting Insecticide -treated bed Nets (LLINS) and Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) represent the main vector control measures for malaria prevention. However, to address the concerns of mosquito resistance to pyrethroids, other malaria control strategies are being explored for effectively blocking malaria transmission by eliminating or reducing the parasite in the vector. This study evaluated the use of antimalarials through tarsal contact of female Anopheles darlingi infected with Plasmodium vivax via a Direct Membrane Feeding Assay (DMFA). Female An. darlingi were exposed tarsally using Petri dishes impregnated with antimalarials at 1 mmol/m2 for exposure times of 6 or 60 minutes. Among the antimalarials evaluated were Atovaquone (ATQ), Tafenoquine (TQ), Chloroquine (CQ), Mefloquine (MQ), Primaquine (PQ), and the compound Nanchangmycin (NCG). Atovaquone was the only antimalarial evaluated before and after DMFA at exposure times of 60 min and 6 min. The results demonstrate complete elimination of P. vivax in female An. darlingi exposed to ATQ by tarsal contact 60 min before infection. ATQ was also effective 6 min before or after infection, reducing infection prevalence. In addition, MQ also significantly reduced infection intensity, but there was no difference in infection prevalence. No significant differences were observed for the other antimalarials. Author SummaryMalaria caused by Plasmodium vivax is the most prevalent in the Amazon region, with Anopheles darlingi as its main vector. Mosquito resistance to pyrethroid insecticides, already described in African countries, also raises an alarm for areas endemic for vivax malaria. Given this scenario, strategies that involve blocking parasite transmission have proven effective. Our study involved the transmission-blocking potential of antimalarials administered via tarsal contact to An. darlingi infected with P. vivax. Tarsal exposure involves the direct contact of the mosquitoes tarsi with surfaces impregnated with antimalarials. We speculate that in a real-world setting, this approach could be translated by treating surfaces like bed nets, eaves, or resting sites with the compounds, exploiting the natural resting and host-seeking behaviors of mosquitoes that bring their tarsi into contact with these treated substrates. If the drugs/compounds penetrate the cuticle, they could impact the parasites biological cycle within the vector. Our results confirmed this potential, Atovaquone was able to eliminate or reduce P. vivax from the midguts of An. darlingi at different exposure times, demonstrating successful uptake through the tarsi. Mefloquine was also reduced parasite intensity via tarsal contact. These findings reinforce the potential of this approach as a complementary tool in malaria control.

zoology↗

bioRxiv2024

Impaired erythroid maturation in murine embryos upon loss of the preeclampsia-associated serine protease prostasin

In humans, the membrane-bound serine protease prostasin encoded by Prss8 is associated with preeclampsia, a gestational hypertension disorder affecting blood supply of the placenta. Mice deficient in Prss8 resulted in the death of embryos at embryonic day (E) 14.5 and it was characterized by impaired placental labyrinth maturation and vascularization. A pale phenotype was observed in these embryos, suggesting ineffective erythropoiesis. Thus, in this study we analyzed this phenotype further in Prss8-/- embryos at E11.5 and E12.5. We found a reduced number of fetal erythroblasts in placenta, yolk sac and fetal liver of Prss8-/- embryos, while the reticulocyte number was increased, suggesting a defective terminal erythroid differentiation. Further, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) analyses of aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM) revealed an upregulation of several ribosomal genes associated with Diamond-Blackfan anemia in erythroid cells of Prss8-/- (KO) embryos. These cells showed a lower capacity to maturate into erythrocytes in vivo and in vitro, despite hematopoietic cells (HSCs) being produced normally. We suggested prostasin influenced erythropoiesis in a cell-extrinsic manner, since Prss8 expression was not detected in erythroid cells but highly expressed in ectoderm-like cells within the AGM. Congruently, while yolk sac-derived cells displayed no erythroid maturation defect in vitro, the yolk sac vascular remodeling in KO embryos was impaired as evidenced by reduced secondary branching likely as a consequence of the reduced blood flow. Our findings unveiled a novel role for this serine protease in terminal maturation of erythrocytes in the fetal liver and open new research avenues for understanding the physiological mechanism of prostasin and its pathological implications. Key PointsO_LIPrss8 deficiency causes transcriptional changes in erythroid progenitor cells in the AGM leading to impaired embryonic erythropoiesis C_LIO_LIOverexpression of Rpl and Rps genes by erythroid cells lacking Prss8 leads to defective erythropoiesis and embryonic lethality C_LI

developmental biology↗