Gene-specific reactivation of X-linked genes upon Xist loss is linked to the chromatin states in extraembryonic endoderm and epiblast stem cells
In eutherian mammals, X-chromosome dosage between sexes is balanced through the inactivation of one of the two X-chromosomes in female cells. In mouse, X-inactivation initiates at [~]4-8 cell stages of embryogenesis, where paternal-X undergoes imprinted X-inactivation. Subsequently, it switches to random X-inactivation in post-iplantation epiblast. The initiation of XCI is orchestrated by Xist. However, the role of Xist in the maintenance of X-chromosome inactivation remains underexplored. Here, we have explored the role of Xist in the maintenance of X-inactivation in extraembryonic endoderm stem cells (XEN) and epiblast stem cells (EpiSC), which undergo imprinted and random form of X-inactivation respectively. We show that removal of Xist leads to the partial reactivation of inactive-X chromosome. Intriguingly, many reactivated genes were found to be common between XEN and EpiSC, indicating these genes require Xist to maintain their silent state irrespective of the lineages or forms of X-inactivation. Notably, despite Xist ablation and the subsequent removal of DNA methylation, several X-linked genes remained resistant to reactivation, indicating the involvement of other factors in maintaining the silencing of these genes. On the other hand, we show that genes on the inactive-X with low levels of H3K9me3 and high levels of H3K27me3 are more susceptible to reactivation upon the loss of Xist. Interestingly, active-X homolog of the reactivated genes was found to be enriched with H3K4me3 and H3K27ac. Taken together, our study sheds light on the role of chromatin states in the reactivation of X-linked genes following the loss of Xist in XEN and EpiSC.