Astraios, C. | Search bioRxiv

bioRxiv2026

Hypothetical lytic transglycosylase SleB is important for cell fitness in Zymomonas mobilis

Bacterial peptidoglycan (PG) undergoes a variety of chemical modifications. O-acetylation at the C6 hydroxyl group of N-acetylmuramic acid is a widespread PG-modification found across diverse bacterial phyla. It contributes to virulence in pathogenic bacteria because the O-acetyl group reduces the activity of the PG-degrading host defense enzyme, lysozyme. Beyond its role in host defense evasion, recent studies suggest that PG O-acetylation also regulates the activity of endogenous lytic transglycosylase (LT) autolysins. The ethanologenic alpha-proteobacterium Zymomonas mobilis O-acetylates its PG, which is associated with tolerance to environmental stresses, including salt. To better understand how PG O-acetylation contributes to stress tolerance, we investigated the predicted lytic transglycosylase SleB. Intriguingly, the sleB gene is located adjacent to the pat operon, which encodes the proteins responsible for PG O-acetylation. We showed that loss of SleB caused impaired growth and morphology, and a significant reduction of crosslinks in the PG of Z. mobilis. Furthermore, the sleB mutant was sensitive to environmental stress resembling the sensitivity of the patA mutant. Collectively, our findings unravelled an important role of SleB in PG remodelling and stress resilience.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2026

Periplasmic SacB as a robust counter-selection tool for genome engineering in the polyploid bacterium Zymomonas mobilis

The alpha-proteobacterium Zymomonas mobilis exhibits exceptional ethanologenic physiology, which makes it a traditional alcoholic beverage producer and a promising chassis for biofuel production. Although genetic tools for this organism have expanded in recent years, a fundamental aspect of its chromosome organization remains to be understood. In particular, Z. mobilis has been suggested to exhibit polyploidy, but this feature is not fully confirmed because of discrepancies among studies reporting the copy number of chromosomes. Here, we tagged the chromosome-partitioning protein ParB with a fluorescent marker to visualise its cellular localisation and estimate chromosome copy number in individual cells. Imaging showed that Z. mobilis exhibits several distinctive ParB foci throughout the cytoplasm and an accumulated focus at the pole, demonstrating that a single Z. mobilis cell contains at >5 copies of the chromosome at the oriC regions. After verifying its polyploidy, we sought to establish an efficient counter-selection system, which is crucial for engineering multiple copies of the chromosome. We assessed the efficacy of levan-sucrase (SacB) toxicity in Z. mobilis. We found that, despite Z. mobilis secreting a native extra-cellular sucrase SacB, heterologous periplasmically-localised Bacillus subtilis SacB rendered Z. mobilis cells sensitive to sucrose. We successfully used this effect for counter-selection when deleting and inserting targeted DNA sequences into the Z. mobilis genome. Together, this work provides important insights and tools for advancing Z. mobilis genetics and its biotechnological applications. ImportanceZymomonas mobilis is a promising industrial bacterium with capacity to convert sugars into ethanol at nearly maximum theoretical yield. With its expanding use in industrial applications, it is crucial to clarify if individual Z. mobilis cells carry multiple copies of chromosome as this has important implications for genome engineering. Two previous studies have used quantitative PCR to address this question, but their reported chromosome copy numbers varied widely from 20 to 100. Here, we used a cell biological approach to estimate the copy number and confirmed that single Z. mobilis cell possesses multiple copies. In addition, we show that a SacB-based counter-selection works in Z. mobilis, enabling efficient and complete mutation of all chromosome copies.

microbiology↗