Loss of function, missense, and intronic variants in NOTCH1 confer different risks for left ventricular outflow tract obstructive heart defects in two European cohorts
Loss of function variants in NOTCH1 cause left ventricular outflow tract obstructive defects (LVOTO) in a small percentage of families. Clinical surveys report an increased prevalence of missense variants in NOTCH1 in family members of individuals with LVOTO and other types of congenital heart disease (CHD). However, the risk conferred by rare variants in NOTCH1 for LVOTO remains largely uncharacterized. In a cohort of 49 families affected by hypoplastic left heart syndrome, a severe form of LVOTO, we discovered predicted loss of function NOTCH1 variants in 6% of individuals. Rare missense variants were found in an additional 16% of families. To make a quantitative estimate of the genetic risk posed by variants in NOTCH1 for LVOTO, we studied associations of 400 coding and non-coding variants in NOTCH1 in 271 adult cases and 333,571 controls from the UK Biobank. Two rare intronic variants in strong linkage disequilibrium displayed significant association with risk for LVOTO (g.chr9:139427582C>T, Odds Ratio 16.9, p=3.12e-6; g.chr9:139435649C>T, Odds Ratio 19.6, p = 2.44e-6) amongst European-ancestry British individuals. This result was replicated in an independent analysis of 51 cases and 68,901 controls of non-European and mixed ancestry. We conclude that carrying rare predicted loss of function variants or either of two intronic variants in NOTCH1 confer significant risk for LVOTO. Our approach demonstrates the utility of population-based datasets in quantifying the specific risk of individual variants for disease related phenotypes.\n\nAuthor summaryCongenital heart defects are the most common class of birth defect and are present in 1% of live births. Although CHD cases are often clustered in families, and thus the causal variant(s) are seemingly inherited, finding genetic variants causing these defects has been challenging. With the knowledge that variation in the NOTCH1 gene previously has been associated with CHDs affecting the left side of the heart, our aim was to further investigate the role of different types of NOTCH1 variants in left sided CHDs in two cohorts - a cohort of Finnish families with severe lesions affecting the left side of the heart, and the UK Biobank population including individuals with less severe left-sided lesions such as bicuspid aortic valve, congenital aortic stenosis, and coarctation of the aorta. We found a causal loss-of-function NOTCH1 variant in 6% of the families in the Finnish cohort and in the UK Biobank cohort, we identified two rare variants in the non-coding region of NOTCH1, associated with severe left-sided CHDs. These findings support screening of NOTCH1 loss-of-function variants in patients with severe left sided congenital heart defects and suggests that non-coding region variants in NOTCH1 play a role in CHDs.