Occurrence of Biased mTOR Signaling in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
BackgroundmTOR signaling promotes cell growth and anabolic processes in all eukaryotes. Hyperactivation of mTOR signaling is associated with various cancers along with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HCC is a highly lethal malignancy with multiple aetiologies such as viral infection, alcohol abuse, and metabolic dysfunction. Therapeutic options for HCC remain limited due to an incomplete understanding of oncogenic drivers and poorly characterized mechanisms of disease progression. MethodsVarious regimens of DEN and CCl4 carcinogen dosage were investigated on C57BL/6J mice to induce HCC. The histological analysis for fibrosis and serum markers for liver function were performed. Molecular analyses of oncogenic drivers were performed in the HCC tissues obtained from mice and HCC patients. The impact of inhibition of mTOR signaling was assessed on HCC progression. ResultsWe established a rapid DEN+CCl4 induced (DCI) HCC model in C57BL/6 mice to study disease progression longitudinally. The molecular analysis revealed upregulation of MAPK and downregulation of mTORC1-S6K-S6 signaling in HCC. However, other branches of mTOR such as mTORC1-ULK1, mTORC1-4EBP1, and mTORC2-PKC were upregulated due to the increased expression. Similar observations were found in tissues derived from HCC patients. Furthermore, inhibition of mTORC1 alone by Rapamycin did not reduce HCC progression but Torin 1 mediated inhibition of both mTORC1 and mTORC2 significantly reduced HCC progression. ConclusionsWe propose this biased mTOR signaling modulates mTOR activity towards specific downstream processes that are crucial for cancer cell growth and targeting both the mTOR complexes has better therapeutic potential in HCC. Impact and ImplicationsThis study provides a rapid pre-clinical model for understanding HCC progression and to explore various intervention strategies. The study reports a novel phenomenon of biased mTOR signaling where deregulation of downstream substrate levels modulates the mTOR activity towards the specific branches, the master regulator of cell growth and metabolism. Furthermore, the study suggests that the clinical investigations exploring the rapalogs against HCC should be cautiously considered depending on the aetiology and signaling status of HCC. Graphical abstract O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=125 SRC="FIGDIR/small/727188v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1"> View larger version (20K): org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@ef3714org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1091b25org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@d52f2forg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@cc158_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG HighlightsO_LIDEN and CCl4 treatment generated a well-established HCC within 4 months. C_LIO_LILiver fibrosis and serum markers correlated with HCC progression. C_LIO_LIUpregulation of mTOR pathway substrates create biased mTOR signaling. C_LIO_LIDual inhibition of mTORC1 and mTORC2 reduced HCC progression significantly. C_LI