Plasma β-hydroxybutyrate Concentrations in Young Adult Females After a High-Fat Meal Under Normoxemia, Intermittent Hypoxemia, and Continuous Hypoxemia
Hypoxemia occurs in intermittent forms, such as obstructive sleep apnea, and in continuous forms, such as at high altitude, and is increasingly recognized as a modulator of cardiometabolic risk. Although hypoxemia alters postprandial glucose and lipid metabolism, its effects on ketone bodies remain unclear. Using a randomized crossover design, we examined whether six hours of normoxemia or intermittent hypoxemia (15 hypoxemic cycles/hour targeting [~]85% peripheral oxyhemoglobin saturation with 100% medical-grade nitrogen) alters plasma {beta}-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) concentrations in 12 young adult females (mean [SD]: 21 [3] years) following a high-fat meal (33% of estimated daily energy requirements; 59% of calories from fat). In a follow-up session, a subset (n = 8) completed six hours of continuous hypoxemia (fraction of inspired oxygen [~]12.0% in a normobaric chamber). Postprandial data were analyzed using baseline-adjusted linear mixed-effects models, with Bonferroni post hoc tests. A time x condition interaction (P = 0.010) indicated that BHB concentrations at 360 minutes were higher during continuous hypoxemia (0.247 mmol/L; 95% CI: 0.218-0.275) than normoxemia (0.176 mmol/L; 95% CI: 0.153-0.200; PBonferroni = 0.029) and intermittent hypoxemia (0.163 mmol/L; 95% CI: 0.139-0.186; PBonferroni = 0.002), representing increases of 13.0% and 14.2% in estimated marginal means, respectively. This response was accompanied by higher postprandial plasma glucose and triglyceride concentrations during continuous hypoxemia than during normoxemia and intermittent hypoxemia (PBonferroni [≤] 0.002), despite similar plasma insulin and non-esterified fatty acid responses across conditions (P [≥] 0.081). These findings indicate that continuous hypoxemia increases late postprandial plasma BHB concentrations in young adult females. New FindingsO_ST_ABSWhat is the central question of this study?C_ST_ABSWhat are the effects of normoxemia, intermittent hypoxemia, and continuous hypoxemia on plasma {beta}-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) concentrations in young adult females after a high-fat meal? What is the main finding and its importance?Compared to normoxemia, young adult females showed higher postprandial plasma BHB concentrations during continuous hypoxemia, but not during intermittent hypoxemia, despite similar changes in plasma concentrations of two main regulators of BHB production (non-esterified fatty acids and insulin) across experimental conditions. These findings suggest that continuous hypoxemia modifies postprandial BHB concentrations through mechanisms not fully explained by circulating non-esterified fatty acids or insulin concentrations alone.