Biology subjects

Altintas, U. B.

Publications and source records attributed to Altintas, U. B..

3 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2023

Decoding the Epigenetics and Chromatin Loop Dynamics of Androgen Receptor-Mediated Transcription

Androgen receptor (AR)-mediated transcription plays a critical role in normal prostate development and prostate cancer growth. AR drives gene expression by binding to thousands of cis-regulatory elements (CRE) that loop to hundreds of target promoters. With multiple CREs interacting with a single promoter, it remains unclear how individual AR bound CREs contribute to gene expression. To characterize the involvement of these CREs, we investigated the AR-driven epigenetic and chromosomal chromatin looping changes. We collected a kinetic multiomic dataset comprised of steady-state mRNA, chromatin accessibility, transcription factor binding, histone modifications, chromatin looping, and nascent RNA. Using an integrated regulatory network, we found that AR binding induces sequential changes in the epigenetic features at CREs, independent of gene expression. Further, we showed that binding of AR does not result in a substantial rewiring of chromatin loops, but instead increases the contact frequency of pre-existing loops to target promoters. Our results show that gene expression strongly correlates to the changes in contact frequency. We then proposed and experimentally validated an unbalanced multi-enhancer model where the impact on gene expression of AR-bound enhancers is heterogeneous, and is proportional to their contact frequency with target gene promoters. Overall, these findings provide new insight into AR-mediated gene expression upon acute androgen simulation and develop a mechanistic framework to investigate nuclear receptor mediated perturbations.

genomics↗

bioRxiv2023

HOXB13 alters chromatin accessibility in prostate cancer through interactions with the SWI/SNF complex

HOXB13 is a posterior homeobox protein that is associated with the initiation and growth of prostate cancer (PCa). While most research has focused on the role of HOXB13 on androgen receptor (AR) activity, we demonstrate that HOXB13 is essential to the proliferation of both AR-positive and -negative PCa. Strikingly, HOXB13 is remarkably selective and has almost no effect on non-prostatic tissues. Despite this common essentiality in PCa, HOXB13 activity is markedly different in AR-negative PCa, where interactions with the AP-1 change the HOXB13 cistrome in stem-cell like castration-resistant prostate cancer. We show that HOXB13 activity is commonly mediated by SMARCD2, a member of the mSWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex. Despite the distinct transcription factor interactions in AR-positive and -negative PCa the HOXB13/SMARCD2 commonly alters chromatin accessibility at HOXB13 binding sites that causes increased proliferation in PCa. Overall, this work demonstrates a novel mechanism of action for HOXB13 and highlights its critical role in AR-negative castration-resistant prostate cancer.

cancer biology↗

bioRxiv2020

Functional mapping of androgen receptor enhancer activity

Androgen receptor (AR) is critical to the initiation, growth and progression of almost all prostate cancers. Once activated, the AR binds to cis-regulatory enhancer elements on DNA that drive gene expression. Yet, there are 10-100x more binding sites than differentially expressed genes. It still remains unclear how individual sites contribute to AR-mediated transcription. While descriptive functional genomic approaches broadly correlate with enhancer activity, they do not provide the locus-specific resolution needed to delineate the underlying regulatory logic of AR-mediated transcription. Therefore, we functionally tested all commonly occuring clinical AR binding sites with Self-Transcribing Active Regulatory Regions sequencing (STARRseq) to generate the first map of intrinsic AR enhancer activity. This approach is not significantly affected by endogenous chromatin modifications and measures the potential enhancer activity at each cis-regulatory element. Interestingly we found that only 7% of AR binding sites displayed increased enhancer activity upon hormonal stimulation. Instead, the vast majority of AR binding sites were either inactive (81%) or constitutively active enhancers (11%). These annotations strongly correlated with enhancer-associated features in both cell line and clinical prostate cancer. With these validated annotations we next investigated the effect of each enhancer class on transcription and found that AR-driven inducible enhancers frequently interacted with promoters, forming central chromosomal loops critical for gene transcription. We demonstrated that these inducible enhancers act as regulatory hubs that increase contacts with both other AR binding sites and gene promoters. This functional map was used to identify a somatic mutation that significantly reduces the expression of a commonly mutated AR-regulated tumour suppressor. Together, our data reveal a complex interplay between different AR binding sites that work in a highly coordinated manner to drive gene transcription.

cancer biology↗