Tumour microenvironments impose translational repression that limits natural killer cell persistence
Natural killer (NK) cells infiltrate many solid tumours, yet the mechanisms that determine their functional heterogeneity across tumour types remain poorly understood. Differences in tumour immunogenicity, inhibitory signalling, and nutrient availability have all been implicated, but unifying explanations are lacking. Here, we compared four syngeneic tumour models implanted at identical anatomical sites to isolate tumour-intrinsic effects on NK-cell fate. Tumour-infiltrating NK cells displayed striking tumour-specific differences in cytokine production, cytotoxic protein expression, and persistence. These differences were not explained by cytokine availability or global features of the tumour metabolic environment. Instead, quantitative proteomics and time-resolved in vivo labelling revealed that NK cells enter tumours in a functionally competent state but rapidly diverge thereafter. In suppressive tumour microenvironments, NK cells undergo early mitochondrial loss, translational repression, and impaired proteostatic responses, accompanied by increased apoptotic priming. These defects result in reduced effector function and failure of intratumoural persistence despite preserved recruitment. In contrast, permissive tumours sustain NK-cell translational capacity, cytokine responsiveness, and long-term residency. Together, these findings identify disruption of translational and mitochondrial homeostasis as a central mechanism limiting NK-cell persistence in solid tumours. This work establishes early tumour-induced defects in protein synthesis and cellular fitness as key constraints on durable NK-cell immunity and provides a framework for restoring effective innate anti-tumour responses.