Biology subjects

Adams, D.

Publications and source records attributed to Adams, D..

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2026

Network topology reveals distinct forms of developmental leverage in the Drosophila wing

Developmental gene regulatory networks reliably transform positional information into complex multicellular form, yet the organizational principles linking network architecture to developmental mechanism remain poorly understood. Here, we analyzed the Drosophila melanogaster wing developmental network to determine whether network topology reflects the distribution of developmental leverage during organogenesis. Integration of curated wing-development genes with high-confidence STRING interactions revealed five Hierarchical Layers of Developmental Control (HLDCs) associated with distinct topological and developmental roles. Organizer Centers, Signaling Scaffolds, and Pattern Implementers formed a forward-specification axis in which connectivity progressively contracted as positional information was transformed into increasingly localized developmental programs. Interface Coordinators departed from this hierarchy through disproportionate brokerage, whereas Local Modulators retained connectivity despite localized developmental scope. We propose that these complementary signatures reflect two regulatory architectures: 1) hierarchical information propagation that generates developmental identity and 2) distributed homeostatic regulation that coordinates and refines developmental outputs. Within Character Identity Modules (ChiMOs), this architecture links conserved patterning systems, Hox-defined contexts, and organ-specific kernels to reproducible morphology, providing a mechanistic hypothesis for developmental canalization and experimentally testable predictions.

developmental biology↗

bioRxiv2026

SELECT-seq allows Pre-Sequencing Enrichment of SNP Edits in One-Pot Single-Cell Whole-Transcriptome Sequencing

Advances in high-throughput sequencing have associated millions of putative genetic variants with disease. However, scalable experimental methods to establish causal relationships between genetic variants and downstream transcriptional outcomes remain a major challenge. Single-cell methods that integrate genotyping with transcriptomic profiling provide a way to address this, but do not enable pre-sequencing enrichment of correctly edited cells, limiting scale. We present SELECT-seq (SNP Enrichment Leveraging Cas12a Targeting), a rapid method that allows SNP-specific PCR amplification and Cas12a-mediated fluorescence detection simultaneously with whole-transcriptome amplification. This one-pot workflow enables identification and enrichment of SNP-bearing single cells, making a rapid and scalable methodology for analysis of genotype-phenotype linkage avoiding laborious single cell cloning steps. As a proof of principle we show that SELECT-seq distinguishes U-2 OS and T-47D cell lines based on a PIK3CA (NM_006218.4:c.3463A>G) mutation while preserving transcriptome integrity. It physically enriches a rare NRF2 T80K (NM_006164.5:c.390C>A) mutant cells (6.7%) from a prime-edited pool, achieving 86% genotype accuracy, and shows 87.5% directional concordance in the transcriptomic effects compared with a clonal NRF2 T80K cell line. SELECT-seq thus provides a rapid, scalable and widely accessible approach for mapping genotype-phenotype relationships at single-cell resolution.

molecular biology↗

bioRxiv2026

Determinants of haplotype phasing accuracy in long-read human genome sequencing

Accurate haplotype phasing is critical for interpreting human genetic variation. Long-read whole-genome sequencing has emerged as a powerful approach for read-based phasing, particularly where parental DNA is absent, yet the determinants of phasing accuracy remain incompletely defined. Here, we evaluate haplotype phasing performance across sequencing technology, reference genome, read length, and coverage depth using Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) and Pacific Biosciences (PacBio) data from two Genome in a Bottle reference samples (HG002 and HG005). In clinically relevant genes, alignment to the T2T-CHM13 (T2T) reference genome improves phasing performance relative to GRCh38, reducing mean gene-level phasing error rates by 3-9-fold. T2T alignment increases phase set NG50 and yields 1.5-2-fold more phased variant pairs. At similar read N50 values, ONT has a higher phasing error rate than PacBio in certain genes. Downsampling demonstrates that phasing error rates plateau at [~]20x coverage. Longer ONT read lengths reduce phasing error rates and extend phase set contiguity. Haplotype-resolved assemblies produce substantially higher phasing error rates than alignment-based phasing, demonstrating the advantage of an alignment-based approach. To enable per-variant-pair confidence assessment, we introduce PhaseQuality, a technology-specific stratification method that assigns confidence tiers to phased variants based solely on sequencing data. PhaseQuality accurately assigns 82-99% of known phasing errors to lower-confidence tiers, reducing error rates among high-confidence pairs to <0.5%. Together, these results demonstrate the primary technical determinants of long-read haplotype phasing accuracy and provide practical benchmarks for optimizing reference genome selection, coverage targets, and read length for long-read sequencing studies.

genomics↗

bioRxiv2025

The Onychomys pangenome reveals the unique molecular adaptations that confer toxin resistance

Novel traits enable many rodents to thrive in extreme environmental niches. Predatory grasshopper mice (Onychomys sp.) have co-evolved resistance to painful and lethal neurotoxins produced by their scorpion prey. Previous work reported that grasshopper mice have structural and functional modifications in sodium channel Nav1.8 that block the effect of painful toxins. However, key questions remain about the molecular adaptations underlying toxin resistance. We produced the first high-quality reference genomes and annotations for Onychomys species and Peromyscus eremicus. We implemented a comprehensive pipeline to detect positive selection across genome-scale datasets and identified Onychomys-specific mutations in Nav1.3 (Scn3a), a sodium channel gene expressed in the central nervous system and the peripheral sensory system after nerve damage. We detected an Onychomys-specific tandem gene duplication of the Cblif gene, which encodes a glycoprotein crucial for vitamin B12 absorption. This adaptation likely supports the species dietary specialisation and modified stomach morphology, where parietal cells expressing Cblif are especially numerous. Our study provides a key step for establishing the Onychomys species as a model system for studying toxin resistance, alternative pain phenotypes, and behavioural traits related to predator-prey interactions.

genomics↗

bioRxiv2025

Ampyrone (4-Aminoantipyrine) is a Direct Agonist of Human Tyrosinase and Potential Therapeutic for Oculocutaneous Albinism and Disorders of Hypopigmentation.

Significant loss of pigmentation can increase visual disability, skin cancer risk, and psychosocial stress. Tyrosinase (TYR) catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step of melanin synthesis. Inhibitors of TYR are well established and are currently used in clinical settings; however, there is a dearth of direct activators of TYR. Here, using a unique human TYR construct, high-throughput screening, and computational analysis techniques, we identified ampyrone as a TYR activator. Ampyrone increased the in vitro catalytic activity of the intramelanosomal domain of human TYR (hTYR) and its hypomorphic variant, P406L, a cause of oculocutaneous albinism type 1B (OCA1B). Moreover, ampyrone induced melanin synthesis in both wild-type and OCA1B human melanocytes, as well as 3-dimension (3D) human skin cultures. Our results reveal ampyrone as a lead compound for first-in-class TYR activators, potentially accelerating the discovery of novel therapies for patients with genetic and acquired diseases of hypopigmentation.

pharmacology and toxicology↗

bioRxiv2025

Comprehensively Testing the Function of Missense Variation in the STK11 Tumour Suppressor

The tumor suppressor gene STK11 encoding Serine/Threonine Kinase 11 (STK11) is associated with Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome (PJS), a heritable gastrointestinal disease that increases lifetime cancer risk, and with somatic variation that contributes to [~]30% of lung and 20% of cervical cancers. Although identifying pathogenic variants is clinically actionable, over 94% of STK11 missense variants that have been observed clinically lack a definitive classification. We therefore measured the impact of STK11 variants at scale in a mammalian cell-based assay, scoring 6,026 (73% of all possible) amino acid substitutions across the full-length gene. Functional scores--which were consistent with biochemical properties, smaller-scale assays, and pathogenicity annotations--identified a subset of PJS patients with germline STK11 variants diagnosed later in life, as well as somatic STK11 variants found in cancer patients that had comparable overall survival estimates to wild-type STK11. Our scores provided new evidence for 350 annotated VUS STK11 missense variants and [~]80% of missense variants that have not yet been reported clinically, but we might expect to observe in the future. Thus, our effect map provides a proactive resource for gaining sequence-structure-function insights and evidence for actionable interpretation of clinical missense variants.

cancer biology↗

bioRxiv2025

GDF15 reprograms the microenvironment to drive the development of uveal melanoma liver metastases

Uveal melanoma (UM) results in fatal liver metastasis, yet little is known about the interactions between UM and host cells in the tumor microenvironment that promote this distinctive proclivity. Here, we used single cell (sc)-RNA-Seq analysis of UM-hepatic stellate cell (HSC) co-cultures to demonstrate that HSCs enriched for UM cell states that expressed genes implicated in cell survival, metabolic reprogramming and angiogenesis. A lead candidate driver of HSC reprogramming was the TGF-{beta} family member GDF15, which was associated with a metastatic UM phenotype. Silencing of BAP1 in UM cells led to increased GDF15 expression and accumulation of H3K27ac marks at the GDF15 promoter. Treatment of HSCs with GDF15 led to increased expression extracellular matrix proteins, inflammatory cytokines and angiogenic factors, including IL-8. Both exogenous GDF15, IL-8 and conditioned media from UM-HSC co-cultures increased endothelial cell network formation in vitro, an effect that was blocked by anti-GDF15 antibodies. In multiple models of metastatic UM, silencing of GDF15 inhibited the outgrowth of metastatic lesions, associated with reduced deposition of extracellular matrix and recruitment of endothelial cells. UM liver metastasis development is dependent upon GDF15-mediated remodeling of the liver microenvironment leading to an angiogenic response and matrix deposition that supports tumor growth.

cancer biology↗

bioRxiv2025

EEG Functional Connectivity as a Marker of Evolution from Infantile Epileptic Spasms Syndrome to Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome

Background and ObjectivesTimely diagnosis and effective treatment of Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome (LGS) improve prognosis and lower healthcare costs, but the transition from infantile epileptic spasms syndrome (IESS) to LGS is highly variable and insidious. Objective biomarkers are needed to monitor this progression and guide clinical decision making. MethodsWe retrospectively collected longitudinal EEG data at the Childrens Hospital of Orange County from fifteen children who were diagnosed with IESS and later with LGS between 2012 and 2021. EEGs were from IESS and LGS diagnoses, between the two diagnoses, and following LGS diagnosis. Functional connectivity networks were calculated using a cross-correlation-based method and assessed relative to diagnostic timepoint, treatment response, presence of clinical markers of disease, age, and amplitude of interictal spikes. ResultsConnectivity strength was high at LGS diagnosis and decreased after favorable response to treatment, but it remained stable or increased when response was unfavorable. In all subjects, connectivity strength was higher at the time of LGS diagnosis than at the preceding timepoint. Presence of clinical markers of LGS were associated with high connectivity strength, but no single marker predicted connectivity strength. DiscussionComputational EEG analysis can be used to map the evolution from IESS to LGS. Changes in connectivity may enable prediction of impending LGS and treatment response monitoring, thus facilitating earlier LGS treatment and guiding medical management. Key pointsO_LIEEG functional connectivity analysis can track progression from infantile epileptic spasms syndrome (IESS) to Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome (LGS). C_LIO_LIHigh connectivity strength at LGS diagnosis decreases with favorable treatment response but remains high with poor response. C_LIO_LIClinical LGS markers correlate with high connectivity, but no single marker predicts connectivity strength. C_LIO_LIEEG functional connectivity analysis may help predict LGS onset, enabling early intervention and improving prognosis. C_LI

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2025

Targeting non-canonical NF-κB signalling in CYLD cutaneous syndrome by selective inhibition of IκB kinase alpha.

CYLD cutaneous syndrome (CCS) skin tumors develop from puberty onwards, can number in the hundreds and progressively grow over time. CCS patients lack medical therapies and require repeated surgery to control tumor burden. CYLD loss of heterozygosity (LOH) drives tumor growth, and CCS tumors have previously been shown to demonstrate increased canonical NF-{kappa}B and Wnt signalling. Here, we demonstrate evidence of non-canonical NF-{kappa}B signalling in CCS tumor keratinocytes, with increased p100 to p52 processing and RelB protein expression compared to normal skin. Utilizing complementary transcriptomics and proteomics on patient derived CCS tumor cell fractions, we identify I{kappa}B kinase alpha (IKK) as a candidate target in the non-canonical NF-{kappa}B signalling pathway. A novel, highly selective, IKK inhibitor (SU1644) used in patient derived CCS tumor spheroid cultures demonstrated that IKK inhibition reduced tumor spheroid viability. These data provide the pre-clinical rationale for the assessment of topical IKK inhibitors as a novel preventative treatment for CCS. TeaserTopical IKK inhibition emerges as a potential therapy for CYLD cutaneous syndrome by targeting non-canonical NF-{kappa}B signalling Graphical abstract O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=125 SRC="FIGDIR/small/635629v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1"> View larger version (39K): org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@829218org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@459f5dorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@e198f6org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1015685_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG

cancer biology↗

bioRxiv2024

The structural diversity of telomeres and centromeres across mouse subspecies revealed by complete assemblies

It is over twenty years since the publication of the C57BL/6J mouse reference genome, which has been a key catalyst for understanding mammalian disease biology. However, the mouse reference genome still lacks telomeres and centromeres, contains 281 chromosomal sequence gaps, and only partially represents many biomedically relevant loci. We present the first T2T mouse genomes for two key inbred strains, C57BL/6J and CAST/EiJ. These T2T genomes reveal significant variability in telomere and centromere sizes and structural organisation. We add an additional 213 Mbp of novel sequence to the reference genome containing 517 protein-coding genes. We examined two important but incomplete loci in the mouse genome - the pseudoautosomal region (PAR) on the sex chromosomes and KRAB zinc finger proteins (KZFPs) loci. We identified distant locations of the PAR boundary, different copy number and sizes of segmental duplications, and a multitude of amino acid substitution mutations in PAR genes.

genomics↗

bioRxiv2024

Accelerated protein retention expansion microscopy using microwave radiation

Protein retention expansion microscopy (ExM) retains genetically encoded fluorescent proteins or antibody-conjugated fluorescent probes in fixed tissue and isotropically expands the tissue through a swellable polymer network to allow nanoscale (<70 nm) resolution on diffraction-limited confocal microscopes. Despite numerous advantages ExM brings to biological studies, the full protocol is time-consuming and can take multiple days to complete. Here, we adapted the ExM protocol to the vibratome-sectioned brain tissue of Xenopus laevis tadpoles and implemented a microwave-assisted protocol to reduce the workflow from days to hours. In addition to the significantly accelerated processing time, our microwave-assisted ExM (M/WExM) protocol maintains the superior resolution and signal-to-noise ratio of the original ExM protocol. Furthermore, the M/WExM protocol yields higher magnitude of expansion, suggesting that in addition to accelerating the process through increased diffusion rate of reagents, microwave radiation may also facilitate the expansion process. To demonstrate the applicability of this method to other specimens and protocols, we adapted the microwave-accelerated protocol to whole mount adult brain tissue of Drosophila melanogaster fruit flies, and successfully reduced the total processing time of a widely-used Drosophila IHC-ExM protocol from 6 days to 2 days. Our results demonstrate that with appropriate adjustment of the microwave parameters (wattage, pulse duration, interval, and number of cycles), this protocol can be readily adapted to different model organisms and tissue types to greatly increase the efficiency of ExM experiments.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2024

Cellular Modeling of CLN6 with IPSC-derived Neurons and Glia

Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL), type 6 (CLN6) is a neurodegenerative disorder associated with progressive neurodegeneration leading to dementia, seizures, and retinopathy. CLN6 encodes a resident-ER protein involved in trafficking lysosomal proteins to the Golgi. CLN6p deficiency results in lysosomal dysfunction and deposition of storage material comprised of Nile Red+ lipids/proteolipids that include subunit C of the mitochondrial ATP synthase (SUBC). White matter involvement has been recently noted in several CLN6 animal models and several CLN6 subjects had neuroimaging was consistent with leukodystrophy. CLN6 patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (IPSCs) were generated from several of these subjects. IPSCs were differentiated into oligodendroglia or neurons using well-established small-molecule protocols. A doxycycline-inducible transgenic system expressing neurogenin-2 (the I3N-system) was also used to generate clonal IPSC-lines (I3N-IPSCs) that could be rapidly differentiated into neurons (I3N-neurons). All CLN6 IPSC-derived neural cell lines developed significant storage material, CLN6-I3N-neuron lines revealed significant Nile Red+ and SUBC+ storage within three and seven days of neuronal induction, respectively. CLN6-I3N-neurons had decreased tripeptidyl peptidase-1 activity, increased Golgi area, along with increased LAMP1+ in cell bodies and neurites. SUBC+ signal co-localized with LAMP1+ signal. Bulk-transcriptomic evaluation of control- and CLN6-I3N-neurons identified >1300 differentially-expressed genes (DEGs) with Gene Ontogeny (GO) Enrichment and Canonical Pathway Analyses having significant changes in lysosomal, axonal, synaptic, and neuronal-apoptotic gene pathways. These findings indicate that CLN6-IPSCs and CLN6-I3N-IPSCs are appropriate cellular models for this disorder. These I3N-neuron models may be particularly valuable for developing therapeutic interventions with high-throughput drug screening assays and/or gene therapy.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2023

A Web Service for Automated Design of Multiple Types of Ribozymes Targeting RNA: from minimal hammerhead to aptazymes

Ribosoft 2.0 is the second version of a web service to design different types of trans-acting conventional and allosteric ribozymes. The web service is publicly available at https://ribosoft2.fungalgenomics.ca/. Ribosoft 2.0 uses template secondary structures that can be submitted by users to design ribozymes in accordance with parameters provided by the user. The generated designs specifically target a transcript (or, generally, an RNA sequence) given by the user. Herein, sixty ribozymes of different types were tested on two different mRNAs, with a majority shown to be active. We have also generated and proved the activity of the first trans-acting aptazyme designed in silico.

molecular biology↗

bioRxiv2023

IFI207, a young and fast-evolving antiviral factor, stabilizes STING

Mammalian ALR proteins bind nucleic acids and initiate production of type I interferons or inflammasome assembly, thereby contributing to host innate immunity. ALRs are encoded at a single genetic locus. In mice, the Alr locus is highly polymorphic at the sequence and copy number level. We suggest that one rapidly evolving member of the Alr family, Ifi207, was introduced to the Mus genome by a recent recombination event. Ifi207 has a large, distinctive repeat region that differs in sequence and length in different Mus strains. We show that IFI207 plays a key role in the STING-mediated response to cGAMP, DNA, and MLV, and that IFI207 controls MLV infection in vivo. Uniquely, IFI207 acts by stabilizing STING protein via its repeat region. Our studies suggest that under the pressure of host-pathogen coevolution, in a dynamic locus such as the Alr, recombination between gene family members creates new genes with novel and essential functions that play diverse roles in biological processes.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2022

Development of novel cytoprotective small compounds inhibiting mitochondria-dependent apoptosis

We identified cyto-protective small molecules (CSMs) by a cell-based high-throughput screening of Bax inhibitors. Through a medicinal chemistry program, M109S was developed, which is orally bioactive and penetrates the blood-brain/retina barriers. M109S protected retinal cells in the mouse models of Stargardt disease and macular degeneration. M109S directly interacted with Bax and inhibited the conformational change and mitochondrial translocation of Bax. M109S inhibited ABT-737-induced apoptosis both in Bax-only and Bak-only MEFs. M109S also inhibited apoptosis induced by staurosporine (mouse embryonic fibroblasts), etoposide (Neuro2a cells), and obatoclax (ARPE19 cells). M109S is a novel small molecule protecting cells from mitochondria-dependent apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo. M109S has the potential to become a new research tool for studying cell death mechanisms and to develop therapeutics targeting mitochondria-dependent cell death pathway. (128words)

cell biology↗

bioRxiv2022

Circadian rhythm orthologs drive pulses of heterochronic miRNA transcription in C. elegans

Developmental robustness relies on precise control of the timing and order of cellular events. In C. elegans, the invariant sequence of post-embryonic cell fate specification is controlled by oscillatory patterns of heterochronic microRNA transcription that are phase-locked with the larval molting cycle1-4. How these transcriptional patterns are generated and how microRNA dosage is controlled is unknown. Here we show that transcriptional pulses of the lin-4 heterochronic microRNA are produced by two nuclear hormone receptors, NHR-85 and NHR-23, whose mammalian orthologs, Rev-Erb and ROR, function in the circadian clock. While Rev-Erb and ROR play antagonistic roles in regulating once-daily transcription5-7, we find that NHR-85 and NHR-23 bind cooperatively as heterodimers to lin-4 regulatory elements to induce a single brief pulse of expression during each larval stage. We demonstrate that the timing and duration of lin-4 transcriptional pulses are programmed by the phased overlap of NHR-85 and NHR-23 protein expression and that these regulatory interactions are post-transcriptionally controlled by LIN-42, the circadian Period ortholog in C. elegans. These findings suggest that an evolutionary rewiring of the circadian clock machinery is co-opted in nematodes to generate periodic transcriptional patterns that define cell fate progression.

developmental biology↗

bioRxiv2022

HIRA loss transforms FH-deficient cells

Fumarate Hydratase (FH) is a mitochondrial enzyme that catalyses the reversible hydration of fumarate to malate in the TCA cycle. Germline mutations of FH lead to HLRCC, a cancer syndrome characterised by a highly aggressive form of renal cancer(1). Although HLRCC tumours metastasise rapidly, FH-deficient mice develop premalignant cysts in the kidneys, rather than carcinomas (2). How Fh1-deficient cells overcome these tumour suppressive events during transformation is unknown. Here, we perform a genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 screen to identify genes that, when ablated, enhance the proliferation of Fh1-deficient cells. We found that the depletion of HIRA enhances proliferation and invasion of Fh1-deficient cells in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, Hira loss enables the activation of MYC and its target genes, increasing nucleotide metabolism specifically in Fh1-deficient cells, independent of its histone chaperone activity. These results are instrumental for understanding mechanisms of tumorigenesis in HLRCC and the development of targeted treatments for patients.

cancer biology↗

bioRxiv2022

"Transposon Mutagenesis Reveals RBMS3 as a Promoter of Malignant Progression of BRAFV600E-Driven Lung Tumorigenesis."

Mutationally-activated BRAFV600E is detected in ~2% of all human non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC), and serves as a predictive biomarker for treatment of patients with FDA-approved pathway-targeted therapies that inhibit signaling by the BRAFV600E oncoprotein kinase. In genetically engineered mouse (GEM) models, expression of BRAFV600E in alveolar type 2 (AT2) pneumocytes initiates the development of benign lung tumors that, without additional genetic alterations, rarely progress to malignant lung adenocarcinomas. To identify genes that might cooperate with BRAFV600E for malignant lung cancer progression we employed Sleeping Beauty (SB)-mediated transposon mutagenesis, which dramatically accelerated the onset of lethal lung adenocarcinomas. Amongst the diverse group of genes identified by this in vivo screen was Rbms3 (RNA binding motif single-stranded interacting protein 3), an RNA-binding protein implicated as a possible tumor suppressor. Using CRISPR/CAS9 gene editing we confirmed that RBMS3 silencing cooperated with BRAFV600E to promote progression of malignant lung cancer with a distinct micropapillary architecture. Moreover, RBMS3 silencing also cooperated with BRAFV600E to promote the growth of lung organoids in vitro. BRAFV600E/RBMS3Null lung tumors displayed elevated expression of b-catenin (CTNNB1), suggesting that RBMS3 silencing may result in elevated signaling through the WNT>CTNNB1>c-MYC pathway. Finally, analyses of patient samples in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) revealed that the region of chromosome 3 encompassing RBMS3 is frequently lost in NSCLC and correlates with poor patient prognosis. Collectively, SB-mediated transposon mutagenesis has revealed the ability of a novel tumor suppressor, RBMS3, to cooperate with BRAFV600E to promote lung carcinogenesis, and suggests that RBMS3 silencing may contribute to malignant progression of numerous human lung cancers. SIGNIFICANCEThe BRAFV600E oncoprotein kinase is a potent initiator of benign lung tumorigenesis, but is insufficient to elicit malignant lung adenocarcinoma without additional cooperating alterations. Sleeping Beauty-mediated transposon mutagenesis has revealed a number of genes that cooperate with BRAFV600E to promote lung cancer progression, in particular Rbms3, which encodes an RNA binding protein. Hence, this genetic screen provides a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying BRAFV600E-driven lung carcinogenesis, and is an important step improving our ability to successfully target this disease.

cancer biology↗