Large-scale phenotypic and genomic characterization of Listeria monocytogenes susceptibility to quaternary ammonium compounds
Listeria monocytogenes is a significant concern for the food industry due to its ability to persist in the food processing environment. Decreased susceptibility to disinfectants is one of the factors that contribute to the persistence of L. monocytogenes. The objective of this study was to explore the diversity of L. monocytogenes susceptibility to quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) using 1,671 L. monocytogenes isolates. This was used to determine the phenotype-genotype concordance and characterize genomes of the QAC sensitive and tolerant isolates for stress resistance, virulence and plasmid replicon genes. Distribution of QAC tolerance genes among 37,897 publicly available L. monocytogenes genomes were also examined. The minimum inhibitory concentration to QACs was determined by the broth microdilution method and non-sequenced isolates (n=1,244) were whole genome sequenced. Genotype-phenotype concordance was 99% for benzalkonium chloride, DDAC and a commercial QAC based sanitizer. Prevalence of QAC tolerance genes was 23% and 28% in our L. monocytogenes collection and in the global dataset, respectively. qacH was the most prevalent gene in our collection (61%), with 19% prevalence in the global dataset. Notably, bcrABC was most common (72%) globally, while 25% in our collection. Prevalence of emrC and emrE was comparable in both datasets, 7% and 2%, respectively. Replicon genes, indicative of plasmid harborage, were detected in 44% of the isolates and associated with the QAC tolerant phenotype. The presented analysis is based on the biggest L. monocytogenes collection in diversity and quantity for characterization of the L. monocytogenes QAC tolerance at both phenotypic and genomic levels. IMPORTANCEContamination of Listeria monocytogenes within the food processing environment is of concern to the food industry due to challenges in eradicating the pathogen once it becomes persistent in the environment. Genetic markers associated with increased tolerance to disinfectants have been identified, which alongside factors favor the persistence of L. monocytogenes in the production environment. By employing a comprehensive large-scale phenotypic testing and genomic analysis our study significantly enhances the understanding of the prevalence of quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) tolerant L. monocytogenes and the genetic determinants associated with the increased tolerance. Furthermore, we report on the prevalence of QAC tolerance genes among 37,897 publicly available L. monocytogenes sequences and their distribution within clonal complexes, isolation sources and geographical locations. As the propagation of QAC tolerance showed not be evenly distributed globally this highlights that understanding the development of L. monocytogenes disinfectant tolerance can be monitored using publicly available WGS data.