Single-chip End-to-End Ingestible Electronics for Gut Neurotransmitter Sensing
Neurotransmitters in the gut play a vital role in human health and neuroscience, and their real-time monitoring is essential for understanding underlying physiological mechanisms. However, bioelectronic systems capable of measuring neurotransmitters in vivo at the anatomical site of interest remain underdeveloped and largely depend on bulky, off-the-shelf electronic components, thereby constraining the development of systems that are both practical and minimally invasive. Here, we report a miniature ingestible pill that is capable of real-time in vivo sensing of two key neurotransmitters: serotonin (5-HT) and dopamine (DA). The system incorporates a fully printed three-electrode-based electrochemical sensor for neurotransmitter sensing and a custom application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) that integrates all major functional blocks on a single chip, enabling a platform for fully wireless monitoring of gut neurotransmitters. The pill, measuring 5.8 mm in diameter and 19 mm in length, supports multiple electrochemical sensing techniques, including amperometry and voltammetry, with only 42 A of average current consumption. We demonstrate the ingestible platform through in vivo studies in rat animal models, enabling real-time monitoring of gut neurotransmitters.